Graham, We built several rotating pallets for a large contract manufacturer (is that abbreviated "ConMan"?) and they did extensive testing to determine optimum angle. The results were that 45 deg +/- 2deg is optimum and produced "significant" improvement. I can get you guys in touch if you want to persue further. Regards, Ed Popielarski QTA Machine 10 Mc Laren, Ste. D Irvine, Ca. 92618 Ph: 949-581-6601 Fx: 949-581-2448 http://www.qta.net Check out our BGA Baller and Process Equipment Services!