In a message dated 97-07-15 07:33:29 EDT, you write:

>I would like to refine the question to a scenario of black versus brown
>oxide too to understand the implications there.
>
>Perhaps, you or the group could assist me in this difference.  I thought
>reduced oxide to be an aid in preventing wedge voids and pink ring?
>

"Reduced" means less than, and there is apparent confusion in how the term is
being used here.

Reduced, can mean lower weight oxide, as:

Black oxide-->Brown Oxide--->Red Oxide is
0.5(+)mg/in2  --->0.3mg/in2--->0.2mg/in2

Or reduced can mean lower oxidation state of the Copper as:
Cupric--->Cuprous
Cu+2----> Cu+1

Both probably help wedge voids, to some extent, but you cannot have both at
the same time.  The normal DMAB reducing solutions (Pink Ring preventers)
only seem to work reliably on Black (more than 0.5mg/in2) oxides, so you get
to either reduce the weight, or reduce the oxidation state, not both.

Rudy Sedlak
RD Chemical Company

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