Hi Steve - I won't let the cat out of the bag just yet as we'll wait for
more responses. However, you have not answered Question Number One yet.
Since the quiz time limit has not been reached, you still have time for "
rethink" your response and change your answer before you submit your quiz
for grading! : - )
Dave
Steve Gregory <[log in to unmask]>
Sent by: TechNet <[log in to unmask]>
05/15/2009 08:03 AM
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Re: [TN] NTC - Friday Trivia Question
Okay. Here's my shot...
Wiki wasn't used, but this one was:
http://education.jlab.org/
Einsteinium was discovered by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso
in 1952 while studying the radioactive debris produced by the detonation
of the first hydrogen bomb. The isotope they discovered, einsteinium-253,
has a half-life of about 20 days and was produced by combining 15 neutrons
with uranium-238, which then underwent seven beta decays. Today,
einsteinium is produced though a lengthy chain of nuclear reactions that
involves bombarding each isotope in the chain with neutrons and then
allowing the resulting isotope to undergo beta decay.
Sir Humphry Davy discovered a few elements in 1808:
Barium
Barium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808
through the electrolysis of molten baryta (BaO). Barium is never found
free in nature since it reacts with oxygen in the air, forming barium
oxide (BaO), and with water, forming barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) and
hydrogen gas (H2). Barium is most commonly found as the mineral barite
(BaSO4) and witherite (BaCO3) and is primarily produced through the
electrolysis of barium chloride (BaCl2).
Barium is used as a getter, a material that combines with and removes
trace gases from vacuum tubes.
Barium sulfate (BaSO4), a common barium compound, is used as a filler for
rubber, plastics and resins. It can be combined with zinc oxide (ZnO) to
make a white pigment known as lithophone or with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)
to make another white pigment known as blanc fixe. Stones made from impure
barium sulfate glow when exposed to light and will glow in the dark for up
to six years if intensely heated in the presence of charcoal. These
stones, known as Bologna stones, were discovered near Bologna, Italy in
the early 1500s and were thought to possess magical properties by
alchemists. Although all barium compounds are poisonous, barium sulfate
can be safely ingested since it does not dissolve in water. It is also a
good absorber of X-rays and, when swallowed, can be used to produce X-ray
images of the intestinal tract.
Barium carbonate (BaCO3), another common barium compound, is used in the
manufacture of ceramics and some types of glass. It is a component in clay
slurries used in drilling oil wells. Barium carbonate is used to purify
some chemical solutions and is the primary base material for the
manufacture of other barium compounds.
Barium forms several other useful compounds. Barium nitrate (Ba(NO3)2)
burns with a bright green color and is used in signal flares and
fireworks. Barium chloride (BaCl) is used as a water softener. Barium
oxide (BaO) easily absorbs moisture and is used as a desiccant. Barium
peroxide (BaO2) forms hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) when it is mixed with water
and is used as a bleaching agent that activates when wet. Barium titanate
(BaTiO3) is used as a dielectric material in capacitors. Barium ferrite
(BaO·6Fe2O3) is used to make magnets.
Boron
Boron was discovered by Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jaques Thénard,
French chemists, and independently by Sir Humphry Davy, an English
chemist, in 1808. They all isolated boron by combining boric acid (H3BO3)
with potassium. Today, boron is obtained by heating borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O)
with carbon, although other methods are used if high-purity boron is
required.
Boron is used in pyrotechnics and flares to produce a green color. Boron
has also been used in some rockets as an ignition source. Boron-10, one of
the naturally occurring isotopes of boron, is a good absorber of neutrons
and is used in the control rods of nuclear reactors, as a radiation shield
and as a neutron detector. Boron filaments are used in the aerospace
industry because of their high-strength and lightweight.
Boron forms several commercially important compounds. The most important
boron compound is sodium borate pentahydrate (Na2B4O7·5H2O). Large amounts
of this compound are used in the manufacture of fiberglass insulation and
sodium perborate bleach. The second most important compound is boric acid
(H3BO3), which is used to manufacture textile fiberglass and is used in
cellulose insulation as a flame retardant. Sodium borate decahydrate
(Na2B4O7·10H2O), better known as borax, is the third most important boron
compound. Borax is used in laundry products and as a mild antiseptic.
Borax is also a key ingredient in a substance known as Oobleck, a strange
material 6th grade students experiment with while participating in
Jefferson Lab's BEAMS program. Other boron compounds are used to make
borosilicate glasses, enamels for covering steel and as a potential
medicine for treating arthritis.
Calcium
Although calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust,
it is never found free in nature since it easily forms compounds by
reacting with oxygen and water. Metallic calcium was first isolated by Sir
Humphry Davy in 1808 through the electrolysis of a mixture of lime (CaO)
and mercuric oxide (HgO). Today, metallic calcium is obtained by
displacing calcium atoms in lime with atoms of aluminum in hot,
low-pressure containers. About 4.2% of the earth's crust is composed of
calcium.
Due to its high reactivity with common materials, there is very little
demand for metallic calcium. It is used in some chemical processes to
refine thorium, uranium and zirconium. Calcium is also used to remove
oxygen, sulfur and carbon from certain alloys. Calcium can be alloyed with
aluminum, beryllium, copper, lead and magnesium. Calcium is also used in
vacuum tubes as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace
gases from vacuum tubes.
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is one of the common compounds of calcium. It is
heated to form quicklime (CaO) which is then added to water (H2O). This
forms another material known as slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) which is an
inexpensive base material used throughout the chemical industry. Chalk,
marble and limestone are all forms of calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate
is used to make white paint, cleaning powder, toothpaste and stomach
antacids, among other things. Other common compounds of calcium include:
calcium sulfate (CaSO4), also known as gypsum, which is used to make dry
wall and plaster of Paris, calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), a naturally
occurring fertilizer and calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), the main material
found in bones and teeth.
Magnesium
Although it is the eighth most abundant element in the universe and the
seventh most abundant element in the earth's crust, magnesium is never
found free in nature. Magnesium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, an
English chemist, through the electrolysis of a mixture of magnesium oxide
(MgO) and mercuric oxide (HgO) in 1808. Today, magnesium can be extracted
from the minerals dolomite (CaCO3·MgCO3) and carnallite (KCl·MgCl2·6H2O),
but is most often obtained from seawater. Every cubic kilometer of
seawater contains about 1.3 billion kilograms of magnesium (12 billion
pounds per cubic mile).
Magnesium burns with a brilliant white light and is used in pyrotechnics,
flares and photographic flashbulbs. Magnesium is the lightest metal that
can be used to build things, although its use as a structural material is
limited since it burns at relatively low temperatures. Magnesium is
frequently alloyed with aluminum, which makes aluminum easier to roll,
extrude and weld. Magnesium-aluminum alloys are used where strong,
lightweight materials are required, such as in airplanes, missiles and
rockets. Cameras, horseshoes, baseball catchers' masks and snowshoes are
other items that are made from magnesium alloys.
Magnesium oxide (MgO), also known as magnesia, is the second most abundant
compound in the earth's crust. Magnesium oxide is used in some antacids,
in making crucibles and insulating materials, in refining some metals from
their ores and in some types of cements. When combined with water (H2O),
magnesia forms magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), better known as milk of
magnesia, which is commonly used as an antacid and as a laxative.
Hydrated magnesium sulphate (MgSO4·7H2O), better known as Epsom salt, was
discovered in 1618 by a farmer in Epsom, England, when his cows refused to
drink the water from a certain mineral well. He tasted the water and found
that it tasted very bitter. He also noticed that it helped heal scratches
and rashes on his skin. Epsom salt is still used today to treat minor skin
abrasions.
Other magnesium compounds include magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) and
magnesium fluoride (MgF2). Magnesium carbonate is used to make some types
of paints and inks and is added to table salt to prevent caking. A thin
film of magnesium fluoride is applied to optical lenses to help reduce
glare and reflections.
Steve
-----Original Message-----
From: TechNet [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of David D. Hillman
Sent: Friday, May 15, 2009 7:46 AM
To: [log in to unmask]
Subject: [TN] NTC - Friday Trivia Question
Hi gang! Ok, its Friday and Doug hasn't arrived in the office for me to
harass him yet so here is our "Friday Trivia" quiz. Note that since I am a
materials engineer, the questions are going to be material based (duh!)
and intended to drive Doug nuts. One rule - the use of Wikipedia as a
research tool is prohibited but all other internet sources are open game:
1) Question Number One:
Einsteinium was discovered in 1952. What sampling method was used to
discover the element? Bonus points if you can state the location the
element was discovered.
2) Question Number Two:
Sir Humphry Davy discovered what element in 1808?
The "winner" of the Friday trivia quiz is a choice of either a case of
Doug's Diet Mountain Dew or a case of Mummy dust.
Good luck and happy Friday!
Dave Hillman
Rockwell Collins
[log in to unmask]
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