Here ya' go John:
http://www.greybirdrelics.com/ul%20cs%2058%20c.JPG
Minié ball
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Minié ball (or minie ball) is a type of muzzle-loading rifle <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle> bullet <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet> named after its main co-developer, Claude-Étienne Minié <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claude-%C3%89tienne_Mini%C3%A9&action=edit> . It came to prominence in the Crimean War <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War> and American Civil War <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War> .
Invented in the 1840s <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840s> by the French <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France> Army captains Minié and Henri-Gustave Delvigne <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri-Gustave_Delvigne&action=edit> , it was designed to allow rapid muzzle loading <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_loading> of rifles <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle> , an innovation that brought about the widespread use of the rifle as a mass battlefield weapon.
It was a conical-cylindrical soft lead bullet, slightly smaller than the barrel bore <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barrel_bore&action=edit> , with three exterior grease-filled grooves and a conical hollow in its base. As originally designed by Minié, the bullet had a small iron plug in the base whose purpose was to drive forward under the pressure of powder gases to fill the hollow space and expand the lead skirting <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lead_skirting&action=edit> to grip the barrel's rifling. As finally adopted by the United States Government before the Civil War, however, the skirt of the bullet base was made slightly thinner and the plug omitted, as the pressure of the powder gas alone was sufficient to expand the skirt to engage the rifling.
As adopted, the bullet could be quickly removed from the paper cartridge with the gunpowder poured down the barrel and the bullet pressed past the muzzle rifling <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifling> and any detritus from prior shots. It was then rammed home with the ramrod, which ensured that the charge was packed and the hollow base was filled with powder.
When fired, the expanding gas pushed forcibly on the base of the bullet, deforming it to engage the rifling. This provided spin for accuracy, a better seal for consistent velocity and longer range, and cleaning of barrel detritus. A test in Vincennes <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincennes> in 1849 demonstrated that at 15 yards the bullet was able to penetrate two boards of poplar wood, each two-thirds of an inch thick and separated by 20 inches. Soldiers of the time spread rumors that at 1,200 yards the bullet could penetrate a soldier and his knapsack and still kill anyone standing behind him, also killing any person in a line of 15.
In 1846 all French chasseur <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasseur> and Zouave <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouave> units in Africa were issued the Minié rifle <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mini%C3%A9_rifle&action=edit> . It saw limited distribution in the Crimean War and was the dominant infantry weapon in the American Civil War.
-Steve Gregory-
-----Original Message-----
From: TechNet [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of John Burke
Sent: Tuesday, December 12, 2006 1:54 PM
To: [log in to unmask]
Subject: Re: [TN] The 'poisonous'- computer reports
Ok I know I am English; but what on earth is a 3 ring Minnie?
John
John Burke
(408) 515 4992
-----Original Message-----
From: TechNet [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of Dave Simonik
Sent: Tuesday, December 12, 2006 11:34 AM
To: [log in to unmask]
Subject: Re: [TN] The 'poisonous'- computer reports
Yes, I believe this is definitely true. Using my metal detector at a Lake George NY elementary school, (Just off Bloody Pond Road) I unearthed several 'Three Ring Minnie's' from the Revolutionary war. Evidently, the grounds that now make up the school were a training camp. Indeed they are encased in a whitish oxide, but appear to be intact, except for the one that was fired, and the one that has teeth marks in it. If I find some time, I'll dig em'
out of the closet and shoot a photo or two of them. I'll forward to Steve the photo's for all to see.
Dave S.
-----Original Message-----
From: Dehoyos, Ramon [mailto:[log in to unmask]]
Sent: Tuesday, December 12, 2006 2:12 PM
To: [log in to unmask]
Subject: Re: The 'poisonous'- computer reports
For what is worth, I have read in a report that the lead bullets from The Civil War are still intact, as far as weight is concern, encased in an oxide layer of lead.
Ramon
-----Original Message-----
From: TechNet [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of Stadem, Richard D.
Sent: Monday, December 11, 2006 3:35 PM
To: [log in to unmask]
Subject: Re: [TN] The 'poisonous'- computer reports
For me, it is excellent and timely information, Joyce. Thanks.
-----Original Message-----
From: TechNet [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of Joyce Koo
Sent: Monday, December 11, 2006 2:00 PM
To: [log in to unmask]
Subject: Re: [TN] The 'poisonous'- computer reports
"In what way and in what form does lead react with water?
Under normal conditions lead does not react with water. However, when lead comes in contact with moist air reactivity with water increases. A small lead oxide (PbO) layer forms at the surface of the metal. When both oxygen and water are present, metallic lead is converted to lead hydroxide
(Pb(OH)2):
2Pb(s)+ O2(g) + 2H2O(l) -> 2 Pb(OH)2(s)
Solubility of lead and lead compounds
Elementary lead does not dissolve in water under normal conditions (20oC, and pressure = 1 bar). It may however occur dissolved in water as PbCO3 or Pb(CO3)22-. A well-known example of a water soluble lead compound is lead sugar (lead(II)acetate), which derived its name from its sweet nature. Lead frequently binds to sulphur in sulphide form (S2-), or to phosphor in phosphate form (PO43-). In these forms lead is extremely insoluble, and is present as immobile compounds in the environment. Lead compounds are generally soluble in soft, slightly acidic water."
hopefully it helps...jk
abcd
-----Original Message-----
From: TechNet [mailto:[log in to unmask]]On Behalf Of Joe Fjelstad
Sent: Monday, December 11, 2006 2:41 PM
To: [log in to unmask]
Subject: Re: [TN] The 'poisonous'- computer reports
Hello Joyce,
Thanks for the link.
I could not find any statements about phosphor toxicity in the reference.
That aside, this might be the was the piece of work that caused many to believe that lead was a leaching problem.
As I understand it, the measurements were significantly off due to an unspecified experimental or arithmetic error which has since been admitted by the researchers.
Someone else may have better insight.
Very best,
Joe
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